Health and Development in the Early Years

Early Childhood Partnership Tool

Go to the Early Childhood Partnership Tool (opens in new tab)

By answering 4 easy questions, this tool will provide you with a customized summary of data, information, resources, and links as well as ideas on how to create partnerships that will increase your impact on the overall health and well-being of young children and their families.

Innovative Examples

This section provides some innovative examples of programs and interventions that groups and organizations have developed based on data and research. It is hoped that these examples, along with the supporting information found in this module, will provide inspiration for the further creation of initiatives to improve the lives of children in Canada.

Suggested Citation and Contributors

The Co-Chairs wish to thank the Expert Advisory Committee and all of the key informants for their time and advice.

Section 1

Section 1: Contextual/Demographic Information

The following section provides information on the number of Canadian girls and boys aged 0-5, where they live and who their parents are. Life expectancy at birth, fertility rates and projected population growth are also presented.

1.1 Section 1.1: Births in Canada

1.1.1

Number of live births, by province and territory, Canada, 2013

1.1.2

Percentage of all Live Births by Age of Mother, Canada, 2003 – 2013

1.1.3

Mean age of Mothers at time of birth (live births), Canada, 2003 to 2013

1.1.4

Crude birth rate, live births per 1,000 population, Canada, 2003 to 2013

1.1.5

Crude birth rate, live births per 1,000 population, by province and territory, Canada, 2013

1.1.6

Distribution of fathers by different age indicators, Canada, 1995 and 2006

1.2 Section 1.2: Fertility

1.2.1

Age specific fertility rates, Canada, 2003 to 2013

1.2.2

Total fertility rates per 1,000 women, by province and territory, 2013

1.2.3

Infertility rates according to three categories, Canada, 2009/2010

1.3 Section 1.3: Canadian Children Age 0 to 5

1.3.1

Number of children aged 0 to 5, by province and territory, Canada, 2016

1.3.2

Children 0 to 5 as a proportion of the total population, by province and territory, Canada, 2016

1.3.3

Percentage of Canadian immigrants who were under 5 years of age when they immigrated, by province and territory, Canada, 2011

1.3.4

Percentage of Canadians 0 to 4 years of age who are immigrants, by province and territory, Canada, 2016

1.3.5

Proportion of the population living in urban and rural settings, Canada, 1851 to 2011

1.3.6

Proportion of the population living in urban and rural settings, by province and territory, Canada, 2011

1.4 Section 1.4: Family Structure - Canadian Children Aged 0 to 5

1.4.1

Percentage of all Canadian families who have children aged 0 to 4, by province and territory, Canada, 2011

1.4.2

Distribution of Canadian families with children aged 0 to 4, by family type, Canada, 2011

1.4.3

Proportion of 'intact' and 'stepfamilies', by province and territory, Canada 2011

1.4.4

Distribution of foster children, by province and territory, Canada, 2011

1.4.5

Distribution of foster children, by age group, Canada, 2011

1.4.6

Proportion of all children living in foster families who are 0 to 4 years of age, by province and territory, 2011

1.4.7

Couples with children under age 25 by opposite/same sex status, Canada, 2011

1.4.8

Distribution of children under 19 years of age of separated or divorced parents by primary residence of the child, Canada, 2011

1.4.9

Number of international adoptions, Canada, 1999 to 2009

1.4.10

Number of children who were adopted, by province and territory, Canada, domestic (2001) and international (2008)

1.4.11

Percentage of 0 to 4 year olds by primary language spoken most often at home, by province and territory, Canada, 2011

1.5 Section 1.5: Population Projections and Life Expectancy

1.5.1

Population projections for 0 to 5 year olds, by growth scenario, Canada, 2016 to 2035

1.5.2

0 to 5 year olds as a proportion of the total population, projections, Canada, 2016 to 2035

1.5.3

Life expectancy at birth, men and women, Canada, 1998/2000 to 2007/2009

1.5.4

Life expectancy at birth, men and women, by province and territory, Canada, 2007/2009

1.6 Consolidated Results

1.6.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Contextual/Demographic Information Consolidated Results

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Section 2

Section 2: Income and Labour Market Characteristics of Families

The following section presents information on the income and labour market characteristics of families of children aged 0-5 living in Canada. Household income and parental income is presented as well as parental employment and access to housing. Child poverty and food security issues for young children are presented as well as access to income assistance programs.

2.1 Section 2.1: Income - Parents and Families

2.1.1

Median after-tax income (2014 constant dollars) among families, Canada, 2010 to 2014

2.1.2

Median after-tax income (2014 constant dollars), among couples with children, by province, Canada, 2014

2.1.3

Median after-tax income (2014 constant dollars) among lone-parent families, by province, Canada, 2014

2.1.4

Change in median after-tax income (2014 constant dollars), by family type and province, Canada, 2010 to 2014

2.1.5

Median after-tax Income (2011 constant dollars), families with children, by family type, Canada, 2011

2.1.6

Income inequality, OECD countries, mid-2000's

2.2 Section 2.2: Labour Force Participation and Education - Parents

2.2.1

Labour force participation rate among women whose youngest child is under age 6, Canada, 1976 to 2016

2.2.2

Labour force participation rate, women whose youngest child is under 6 years of age, by presence/employment of partner, Canada, 2016

2.2.3

Labour force participation rate, women whose youngest child is under 6 years, by province, Canada, 2016

2.2.4

Leave taken by working mothers of children aged 1 to 3, Outside Québec and in Québec, 2010

2.2.5

Percentage of workers in precarious employment (total employed, all classes of workers, age 15+), Canada, 1989 to 2014

2.2.6

Proportion of children under 6 whose parents worked/studied, by family type, Canada, 1998/99 to 2006/07

2.2.7

Proportion of children under 6 living with mothers and fathers whose highest level of education achieved was a college or university degree, overall and by rural/urban status, Canada, 2006/2007

2.2.8

Proportion of children 0 to 1 whose mother has high school education or less, by age of mother, Canada, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004

2.2.9

Literacy, numeracy and problem solving skills of Canadian adults aged 16 years and over, Canada, 2003

2.2.10

Percentage of immigrant children and youth 0 to 17 years of age, whose father had a university degree, by immigration classification, Canada, 2011

2.2.11

Percent of working parents with at least one child under 5 who work full time and are satisfied or very satisfied with their work-life balance, Canada, 2012

2.3 Section 2.3: Core Housing Need and Homelessness

2.3.1

Percentage of households in core housing need, Canada, 1991 to 2011

2.3.2

Percentage of households in core housing need, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2011

2.3.3

Percentage of households in core housing need, by family type, Canada, 2011

2.3.4

Households in core housing need, by housing standard(s) not met, Canada, 2011

2.3.5

Percentage of households in core housing need by the immigrant status of the primary household maintainer, Canada, 2011

2.3.6

Percentage of households in core housing need by income quintile, Canada, 2011

2.3.7

Annual admissions of women and children to transition homes and other shelters, by type of shelter, Canada, 2014

2.3.8

Number of children under 16 years of age using emergency shelters, Canada, 2005 to 2009

2.3.9

Homelessness in Canadian Children Under Age 6

2.4 Section 2.4 Food Insecurity and Poverty

2.4.1

Household food insecurity measures for households with children under 6, Canada and provinces/territories, 2007/2008 and 2011/2012

2.4.2

A league table of relative child poverty, 35 economically advanced countries, UNICEF 2012

2.4.3

Percentage of children under age 6 who are living in poverty, Canada and by province and territory, 2014

2.4.4

Percentage of all families with children under age 6 and lone parents with children under age 6 who are living below the low income measure, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2010

2.4.5

Percentage of families with children under age 6 who are below the low income measure, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2005 and 2010

2.4.6

Percentage of lone parent families with children under age 6 who are below the low income measure, Canada and provinces/territories, 2005 and 2010

2.4.7

Percentage of all families and lone parents with children under age 6, living below half of the Low Income Measure, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2010

2.4.8

Selected pregnancy/birth demographic characteristics, by education, work, income and age group, Canada, 2006/2007

2.5 Section 2.5: Social Assistance and Child Benefits

2.5.1

Percentage of families with children under age 6 receiving the Canadian Child Tax Benefit (CCTB), Canada and provinces/territories, 2010

2.5.2

Percentage of families with children under age 6 receiving social assistance, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2005 and 2010

2.5.3

Percentage of lone-parent families with children under age 6 receiving social assistance, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2005 and 2010

2.5.4

Proportion of women who worked prior to and during their pregnancy and received maternity benefits, by characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

2.5.5

Economic dependency ratio, children in couple families and lone-parent families, Canada, 2010 to 2014

2.5.6

The Canada Child Benefit: A national innovation to reduce child and family poverty

2.6 Consolidated Results

2.6.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Income/Labour Market Characteristics of Families Consolidated Results

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Section 3

Section 3: Family Context

This section presents information on the family context in which Canadian children aged 0-5 live. Parental age, education level and health are provided as well as prevalence of parental behaviours that impact children such as smoking rates, folic acid use and breastfeeding initiation. Parenting styles are also presented including information on how many parents read to children, attitudes on spanking and injury prevention behaviours. The number of children in care is also covered in this section as well as social supports available to Canadian families.

3.1 Section 3.1: Family

3.1.1

Average size of families with children, Canada, 2010 to 2014

3.2 Section 3.2: Maternal Health

3.2.1

Percentage of child-bearing age women reporting their health to be very good or excellent, by age group, Canada, 2010 to 2014

3.2.2

Percentage of women who reported "a great deal of a problem" with at least one postpartum health problem in the first three months after birth, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.2.3

Percentage of women who reported that their postpartum health was excellent or very good, Canada and provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.2.4

Percentage of women of child-bearing age reporting their mental health to be very good or excellent, by age group, Canada, 2010 to 2014

3.2.5

Percentage of women of child-bearing age who reported having mood disorders, by age, Canada, 2007/2008 to 2013/2014

3.2.6

Proportion of women who had been prescribed anti-depressants or been diagnosed with depression before their pregnancy, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.2.7

Proportion of postpartum women who scored ≥13 on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), by characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

3.2.8

Distribution of women's reported levels of stress in the 12 months before giving birth, by province/territory, Canada, 2006/2007

3.2.9

Proportion of mothers of children 0 to 1 years of age who had gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension, by age group, Canada, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 (average)

3.2.10

Average Body Mass Index (BMI) among women before pregnancy and postpartum, Canada and the provinces/territories,l 2006/2007

3.2.11

Maternal Mortality Rate, Canada (excluding Québec)*, 1997/1998 to 2010/2011

3.3 Section 3.3 Maternal Behaviours

3.3.1

Proportion of women who took folic acid supplements three months prior to pregnancy and during the first three months of pregnancy, Canada and provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.3.2

Proportion of women who took folic acid supplements three months prior to pregnancy and during the first three months of pregnancy, by characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

3.3.3

Percentage of children <2 years of age whose mother reported drinking any alcohol during pregnancy, Canada and the provinces, 1993 to 2008

3.3.4

Percentage of children under 2 years of age whose mother reported smoking during pregnancy, Canada, 1993 to 2008

3.3.5

Percentage of children under 2 years of age whose mother reported smoking during pregnancy, Canada and the provinces, 2005 to 2008

3.3.6

Proportion of women who initiated breastfeeding, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.3.7

Proportion of women who are breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum - any or exclusive, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

3.3.8

Proportion of women who initiated breastfeeding, by age group, Canada, 2009/2010

3.3.9

Proportion of women who were breastfeeding at six months postpartum, by characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

3.4 Section 3.4: Parenting and Family Functioning

3.4.1

Percentage of children from birth to 5 years of age living in well-functioning families, by gender and location, 1998/1999 and 2004/2005

3.4.2

Percentage of children from birth to 5 years of age having positive interactions with their parents, by gender and location, 1998/1999 and 2004/2005

3.4.3

Percentage of children from birth to 5 years of age by frequency of reading activities, Canada, 2006/2007

3.4.4

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the ineffective parenting style scale, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

3.4.5

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored low on the consistent parenting style scale, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

3.4.6

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the ineffective parenting style scale and low on the consistent parenting style scale, by province, Canada, 2010/2011

3.4.7

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the ineffective parenting style scale and low on the consistent parenting style scale, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

3.4.8

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the family dysfunction scale, by select characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

3.4.9

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the family dysfunction scale, by province, Canada, 2010/2011

3.4.10

Proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years whose parents scored high on the family dysfunction scale, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

3.5 Section 3.5: Family Violence and Child Welfare

3.5.1

Percentage of women who self-reported spousal violence in their current relationships within the past 12 months, by family type, Canada, 1999, 2004 and 2009

3.5.2

Proportion of Canadians who reported that they had been abused by their spouse in the past 5 years, by province, Canada, 2004 and 2014

3.5.3

Victims of police-reported violent crime, by sex of victim, Canada, 2014

3.5.4

Victims of police-reported violent crime, by relationship of the accused to the victim, Canada, 2014

3.5.5

Categories of substantiated child maltreatment, Canada, 2008

3.5.6

Children in care, by prov/terr, 2007 (except Nunavut, 2006)

3.5.7

Child Welfare in Canada

3.5.8

Distribution of the sample of Alberta adults ≥18 years of age by the number of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) they had experienced, 2013

3.5.9

Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Scores – An innovative way to measure resiliency

3.6 Consolidated Results

3.6.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Family Context Consolidated Results

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Section 4

Section 4: Community Context

The following section provides information on the kinds of communities Canadian children 0-5 grow up in. Access to parks and recreation, early childhood education programs, pre-school, kindergarten and quality child care is provided. Community safety is also presented including neighbourhood safety, home safety and crime rates.

4.1 Section 4.1: Recreation and Green Space

4.1.1

Percentage of Canadians who reported they had a park or green space close to home, by province, Canada, 2013

4.1.2

Percentage of Canadians who reported they had a park or green space close to home, by household income, 2013

4.1.3

Proportion of young children who participated in activities once a week or more, by activity and age group Canada, 2010/2011

4.1.4

Proportion of children age 3 to 5 years who participated in activities once a week or more, by activity and province, Canada, 2010/2011

4.1.5

Proportion of children age 3 to 5 years who participated in activities once a week or more, by activity and selected characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

4.1.6

Proportion of young children who participated in activities once a week or more, by activity and age group, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

4.2 Section 4.2: Education and Child Care

4.2.1

Availability of kindergarten for 4 and 5 year olds, by province and territory, Canada, 2014

4.2.2

Percentage of students who reported having repeated a grade at the primary education level, by OECD country, 2009

4.2.3

Percentage of children under 4 in types of child care, Canada and regions, 2011

4.2.4

Minimum post-secondary early childhood training requirements for staff in full-time child care centres, by province and territory, Canada, 2014

4.2.5

Maximum staff to child ratios and maximum group sizes in full-day centre-based child care by age and province/territory, Canada, 2010

4.2.6

Percentage of children 0 to 5 years of age for whom there is a regulated full or part-time centre-based child care care space, Canada, 1992-2014

4.2.7

Percentage of children 0 to 5 years of age for whom there is a regulated full or part-time centre-based child care space, by province/territory, Canada, 2014

4.2.8

Proportion of children 1 to 5 years of age whose parents were working or studying, in non-parental care or cared for by parents, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2006/2007

4.2.9

Median Monthly Infant Child Care Fees, by city, Canada, 2016

4.2.10

Public expenditure as a percentage of GDP on early childhood education services (0 to 6 years) in selected OECD countries, 2004

4.2.11

Why quality is central to the issue of early childhood education and care

4.2.12

Publicly-funded child care services: An innovative initiative in Québec

4.3 Section 4.3: Community Safety and Cohesion

4.3.1

Rate of police-reported crimes per 100,000 population, Canada, 1962 to 2013

4.3.2

Police-reported crime severity indexes, Canada, 2004 to 2014

4.3.3

Police-reported crime severity indexes, Canada and the provinces and territories, 2014

4.3.4

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had a low safety score, by province, Canada, 2010/2011

4.3.5

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had a low safety score, by characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

4.3.6

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had a low safety score, by age group, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

4.3.7

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had low neighbourhood cohesion and low social support, by province, Canada, 2010/2011

4.3.8

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had a low neighbourhood cohesion score, by characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

4.3.9

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that they have low levels of social support, by characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

4.3.10

Percentage of children under 6 whose parents reported that their neighbourhood had low social cohesion by age group, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

4.4 Consolidated Results

4.4.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Community Context Consolidated Results

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Section 5

Section 5: Health Services

The following section provides information on health services available to pregnant mothers and children 0-5 in Canada. Access to pre-natal, post-natal, oral health care is presented as well as access to doctors, nurses and other health professionals. The utilization of health services is also presented including dental visits, immunization rates, vision screening, hearing screening and genetic services.

5.1 Section 5.1: Utilization of Prenatal Care

5.1.1

Average number of prenatal care visits, Canada and the provinces and territories, 2006/2007

5.1.2

Average number of prenatal care visits, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

5.1.3

Average gestational age (weeks) at first prenatal care visit, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

5.1.4

Proportion of women initiating prenatal care after the first trimester (14 weeks gestation or later), by select characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

5.1.5

Distribution of type of primary birth attendant, Canada, 2006/2007

5.1.6

Proportion of women who had the same health care provider for pregnancy and giving birth, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006-2007

5.1.7

Number of women per abortion facility, by province, Canada, 2013

5.2 Section 5.2: Utilization of Postnatal Care

5.2.1

Proportion of women whose baby was admitted to an intensive care or special care unit following birth, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

5.2.2

Proportion of women whose baby was admitted to an intensive care or special care unit following birth, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

5.2.3

Proportion of women who were contacted at home by a health care provider following giving birth, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

5.2.4

Proportion of women who were contacted at home by a health care provider following birth, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2006/2007

5.2.5

Proportion of women who are very satisfied with their maternal and infant postpartum heath care, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007

5.3 Section 5.3: Access to Health Professionals

5.3.1

Role of Family Physicians

5.3.2

Households with and without children under 12 years of age, who have a regular medical doctor, by Canada and the provinces and territories, 2009-2010

5.3.3

The Role of Paediatricians

5.3.4

The Role of Public Health Nurses (PHNs)

5.3.5

The Role of Nurse Practitioners (NPs)

5.3.6

Number of eye care professionals per 10,000 children under 6, Canada and the provinces, 2012

5.3.7

Percentage of refugees reporting barriers to health care, Canada, 2007

5.4 Section 5.4: Access to Screening

5.4.1

Current Vision Screening Practices across Canada, by Prov/Terr, as of January 2013

5.4.2

Universal Newborn Hearing Screening

5.4.3

Current Newborn Hearing Screening Practices across Canada, by prov/terr, 2016

5.4.4

Developmental Surveillance and Screening - 18-Month Developmental Screening Practices in Canada, by province and territory

5.5 Section 5.5: Dental Services

5.5.1

Prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among children, Canada, 2009/2010

5.5.2

Percentage of children under 6 who had been to a dental professional by selected characteristics, Canada, 2011 to 2013

5.5.3

Indicators of dental care access by neighbourhood income levels in Canada, 2007-2009

5.5.4

Financing of Dental Care in Canada

5.5.5

Provincial and Territorial Coverage for Children's Dental Services

5.5.6

Rate of day surgery for dental caries, children 1 to 4 years of age, by Canada and province/territory, 2010-2014

5.6 Section 5.6: Genetic Services

5.6.1

What Genetic Services Exist for Children and Families in Canada?

5.6.2

Access to Services - Medical Geneticists

5.6.3

Access to Services - Genetic Counsellors

5.6.4

Laboratories providing genetic testing and those that are certified genetic service centres, by province, Canada 2014

5.7 Section 5.7: Immunization

5.7.1

Immunization - An Important Health Measure

5.7.2

Estimated vaccination coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b and varicella, by children 2 years of age, Canada and the provinces and territories, 2013, compared with national standard

5.7.3

Estimated vaccination coverage for measles, mumps and rubella, by children 2 years of age, Canada and the provinces and territories, 2013, compared with national standard

5.8 Consolidated Results

5.8.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Health Services Consolidated Results

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Section 6

Section 6: Environmental Risks/Conditions

The following section examines environmental risks and conditions impacting Canadian children aged 0-5 and their families. Information on exposures to environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, phthalates, tobacco smoke and UV radiation are provided. Air and water issues are presented including the presence of mould, indoor and outdoor air pollution, water quality and asthma incidence. The impact of climate change, related greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts on future generations is also presented.

6.1 Section 6.1: Health and Environment - An Overview

6.1.1

Right to a Healthy Environment

6.1.2

The Precautionary Principle

6.2 Section 6.2: Environmental Toxins

6.2.1

Exposure to Environmental Toxins

6.2.2

50th percentile and 95th percentile blood lead concentrations in children 3 to 5 years old, Canada, 2009 to 2011

6.2.3

Mercury concentrations in blood (µg/L) in children aged 3 to 5, Canada, 2009 to 2011

6.2.4

50th percentile and 95th percentile creatinine adjusted urine Bisphenol A (BPA) acid concentrations in children 3 to 5 years old, Canada, 2009 to 2011

6.2.5

50th and 95th percentile creatinine adjusted urinary Mono benzyl phthalate concentrations (μg/g) in children 3 to 5 years of age, Canada, 2009 to 2011

6.2.6

Environmental Report Card

6.3 Section 6.3: Air and Water Quality

6.3.1

Proportion of children and youth living in a house where someone smokes inside the home every day or almost every day, by age group, Canada, 2007/2009 and 2009/2011

6.3.2

Proportion of homes with mould and mildew, Canada and provinces, 2009

6.3.3

Ground-level ozone air quality indicator relative to the 2015 Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards, Canada, 2000 to 2014

6.3.4

Fine particulate matter air quality indicators relative to the 2015 Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards, Canada, 2000 to 2014

6.3.5

National freshwater quality indicator, Canada, 2010 to 2012

6.3.6

Proportion of all households with a municipal water supply who reported having to boil their water prior to drinking at least once in the previous year, Canada and the provinces, 2009

6.4 Section 6.4: Climate Change

6.4.1

Climate Change - An Overview

6.4.2

Climate Change - Vulnerability of Young Children

6.4.3

Canada's Vulnerability to Climate Change: Selected Weather-Related Events and Disasters and their Consequences, Canada, 1997 to 2013

6.4.4

Historical and projected number of hot days and warm nights for selected cities in Canada

6.4.5

Number of wildfires, provinces, territories and Parks Canada, 2016 and 10-year average

6.4.6

Impact of Environmental Hazards on Human Health

6.4.7

Impacts of Climate Change in Northern Canada

6.4.8

Vulnerable populations: children of low socioeconomic status

6.4.9

Zoonoses and Vector-borne diseases

6.4.10

Greenhouse gas emissions (megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent), Canada, 1990 to 2015

6.4.11

Greenhouse gas emissions, by province and territory, Canada, 1990, 2005 and 2015

6.4.12

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Country, OECD countries, 2014

6.4.13

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita, OECD countries, 2014

6.5 Section 6.5: Contact With Nature

6.5.1

Proportion of parents of 1 to 5 year olds reporting specific sun exposure activities, Canada, 2006

6.5.2

Percentage of Canadians who reported they had a park or green space close to home, Canada and by province, 2013

6.5.3

Percentage of Canadians who reported they had a park or green space close to home, by household income, 2013

6.5.4

Risky Active Outdoor Play

6.5.5

Benefits of Active Outdoor Play

6.5.6

Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play

6.5.7

OUTSIDEPLAY.ca ─ An innovative tool to help children play outside and take risks in play

6.6 Section 6.6: Health Impacts

6.6.1

Asthma prevalence in children 1 to 4 years of age, Canada, 2000/2001 to 2011/2012

6.6.2

Prevalence of diagnosed asthma among children from birth to 5 years of age in rural and urban areas, Canada 1998/1999 to 2006/2007

6.6.3

Three leading causes of hospitalization, rate per 100,000 population, by age group, Canada, 2009/2010

6.6.4

Rate of Lyme Disease among children age 0 to 4, per 1,000 population, by gender, 2009 to 2013 (combined average)

6.6.5

Age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) among children aged 0 to 4, Canada, 1992 to 2013

6.6.6

Age-specific cancer incidence rates (per million) among children age 0 to 4, by cancer group, Canada, 2006-2010

6.6.7

Proportion of children aged 2 to 5 years displaying signs of hyperactivity - inattention, Canada, 2000 to 2006

6.6.8

Proportion of learning disabilities in children 3 to 5, Canada, 2007 to 2011

6.6.9

Environmental Contaminants and Neurobehavioral Effects

6.6.10

Proportion of children under 5 years of age diagnosed with rotavirus, Canada, 2010

6.6.11

Rates of preterm birth (number of births <37 weeks per 100 live births), Canada, 2001 to 2015

6.6.12

Prevalence of congenital anomalies at birth, Canada (excluding Québec), 2001 to 2010

6.6.13

Measured child body mass index (BMI), children 2 to 5 years, Canada, 2004

6.7 Consolidated Results

6.7.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Environmental Risks/Conditions Consolidated Results

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Section 7

Section 7: Health Outcomes

The following section provides information on health outcomes impacting Canadian children aged 0-5. Birth outcomes and mortality rates are provided as well as leading causes of hospitalization. Risk and preventative information such as injury prevalence, physical activity rates and screen time are presented. Physical and mental health outcomes are also provided including information on cancer and diabetes incidence, allergy and asthma prevalence, autism, anxiety and hyperactivity.

7.1 Section 7.1: Birth Outcomes

7.1.1

Preterm birth rate (<37 weeks per 100 live births), Canada, 1983 to 2014

7.1.2

Preterm birth rate (<37 weeks), Canada and the provinces/territories, 2014/2015

7.1.3

Low and high birth weight, small and large for gestational age, preterm birth rates, three-year average, Canada, 2000/2002 to 2010/2012

7.1.4

Rate of low birth weight babies, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2010/2012

7.1.5

Rate of small for gestational age babies, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2010/2012

7.1.6

Postterm birth rate, Canada (excluding Ontario), 2001-2010

7.1.7

Postterm birth rate, Canada and the provinces/territories (excluding Ontario), 2006-2010

7.1.8

Percentage of all live births that are multiple births, Canada, 2009 to 2013

7.1.9

Fetal death (stillbirth) rate, total, single and multiple births, Canada, 2007to 2011

7.1.10

Fetal death (stillbirth) rate, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2011

7.1.11

Prevalence of congenital anomalies at birth, Canada (excluding Québec)*, 2001 to 2010

7.1.12

Rate of neural tube defects (per 10,000 total births), Canada, 1995 to 2010

7.1.13

Rate of neural tube defects, Canada and the provinces/territories, (excluding Québec)*, 2001 to 2010

7.1.14

Congenital Heart Defects

7.1.15

Rate of congenital heart defects, Canada (excluding Québec), 1998 to 2009

7.1.16

Rates of preterm birth, small for gestational age births and birth defects, by maternal age group, Canada 2006/2007 to 2008/2009

7.1.17

Weight gain, caesarean birth, chronic health problems, use of fertility medications and unwanted pregnancy, by age of mother, Canada, 2011

7.1.18

Folic acid use before and during first pregnancy and smoking during first pregnancy by age group of mother, Canada, 2011

7.1.19

Clinical pregnancy and birth outcomes for the three most common Assisted Reproductive Technologies, by age of mother, Canada, 2007

7.1.20

Rate of multiple births among mothers who have had assisted reproductive technology as a percentage of births, Canada, 2007

7.2 Section 7.2: Mortality

7.2.1

Infant death rates, Canada, 2008 to 2012

7.2.2

Infant death rates, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2012

7.2.3

Leading causes of infant death (ICD-10), Canada, 2012

7.2.4

Infant death rate (deaths < 1 year per 1,000 live births), OECD countries, 2014

7.2.5

Perinatal death rate, Canada, 2007 to 2011

7.2.6

Death rates of 1 to 4 year olds, Canada, 2002 to 2012

7.2.7

Leading causes of death, 1 to 4 year olds, Canada, 2012

7.2.8

Infant death rates by income quintile, Canada, 2001 and 2011

7.2.9

Infant mortality rates by income quintile, by province, Canada, 2011

7.2.10

Rate of Infant deaths due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (per 100,000 live births), Canada, 2000 to 2013

7.3 Section 7.3: Hospitalizations

7.3.1

Hospitalization rate among infants under 1, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2013/2014

7.3.2

Hospitalization rates among 1 to 4 year olds, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2013/2014

7.3.3

Distribution of leading causes of hospitalization among infants under 1 year of age, Canada, 2009/2010

7.3.4

Distribution of leading causes of hospitalization among children aged 1 to 4 years, Canada, 2009/2010

7.4 Section 7.4: Injury - Prevalence and Prevention

7.4.1

Unintentional injury death rates (per 100,000) among children under 5, by cause, Canada, 2006 to 2011

7.4.2

Distribution of unintentional injury deaths among children 1 to 4 years of age, by cause, Canada, 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.4.3

Distribution of unintentional injury deaths for infants under 1 year, by cause, Canada, 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.4.4

Unintentional injury death rate (per 100,000) among children under age 5, by sex, Canada, 2006 to 2011 (combined)

7.4.5

Hospitalization rate (per 100,000) of children under age 5 due to injury, Canada and the provinces/territories, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.6

Hospitalization rate (per 100,000) of children under age 5 due to injury, by sex, Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.7

Leading causes of injury hospitalization (per 100,000) children under age 5, Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.8

Trends in leading causes of injury hospitalization (per 100,000) children under age 5, Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013

7.4.9

Rate of injury hospitalization (per 100,000) of children under 5 years of age, by specific causes, Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.10

Unintentional fall emergency department visits among 0 to 4 year olds by place of occurrence, 2014-2015

7.4.11

Hospitalization rate due to unintentional poisoning among children under 5 (per 100,000), by provinces and territories, Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.12

Hospitalization rate due to unintentional poisonings among children under 5 (per 100,000), by sex, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013 (combined)

7.4.13

Hospitalization rate due to unintentional poisoning among children under 5 years of age (per 100,000), Canada, 2006/2007 to 2012/2013

7.4.14

Child restraint system use in vehicles, by age, Canada, 2010

7.4.15

Proportion of infants (<1 year) restrained in rear-facing car seats, by province and territory, Canada, 2010

7.4.16

The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury Prevention: An innovative data tool

7.4.17

Child Injury Prevention (Ages 0-6) – Creative online resources to help reduce child injury

7.5 Section 7.5: Physical Activity and Screen Time

7.5.1

Proportion of children aged 3 to 5 years that meet recommended guidelines for physical activity, Canada, 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.5.2

Proportion of children aged 3 to 5 years that meet recommended guidelines for physical activity, by selected characteristics, Canada, 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.5.3

Proportion of children aged 3 to 5 years that meet recommended guidelines for screen time, Canada, 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.5.4

Proportion of children aged 3 to 5 years that meet recommended guidelines for screen time, by selected characteristics, Canada. 2009 to 2013 (combined)

7.6 Section 7.6: Physical Health Outcomes

7.6.1

Age-specific cancer incidence rates (per million) among children 0 to 4, by cancer group, Canada, 2006 to 2012

7.6.2

Age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality rates (per million) among children aged 0 to 14, Canada, 1992 to 2010

7.6.3

Prevalence of diagnosed asthma among children from birth to 5 years of age in rural and urban areas, Canada, 1998/1999 to 2006/2007

7.6.4

Prevalence of diabetes among children aged 1 to 4, Canada, 2000/2001 to 2010/2011

7.6.5

Measured child body mass index (BMI), children 2 to 5 years, Canada, 2004

7.6.6

Proportion of children under 5 with a disability, by gender, Canada, 2006

7.6.7

Early Diagnosis of Disability

7.6.8

Impact of child's condition on parental employment for parents of children with disabilities aged 0 to 14, Canada, 2006

7.6.9

Children with Complex Health Care Needs

7.6.10

Impact of Disability on Day-to-Day Life

7.6.11

Proportion of children under 6 with allergies, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2006/2007

7.6.12

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

7.7 Section 7.7: Mental Health Outcomes

7.7.1

Mental health and behavioural indicators, 2 to 5 year olds, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2010/2011

7.7.2

Mental health and behavioural indicators, 2 to 5 year olds, by gender, Canada, 2010/2011

7.7.3

Proportion of 2 to 5 year olds who scored high on the emotional disorder/anxiety and the hyperactivity/inattention scales, Canada and the provinces, 2010/2011

7.7.4

Proportion of 2 to 5 year olds who scored high on the emotional disorder/anxiety and the hyperactivity/inattention scores, by select characteristics, Canada, 2010/2011

7.7.5

Proportion of 4 to 5 year olds who scored high on the physical aggression and indirect aggression scores, by select characteristics, 2010/2011

7.8 Consolidated Results

7.8.1

Health and Development in the Early Years: Health Outcomes Consolidated Results

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Section 8

Section 8: Developmental Outcomes

The following section provides information on developmental indicators for Canadian children aged 0-5. Information on the EDI (Early Development Instrument) is provided including scores for: physical health and well-being; emotional maturity; language and cognitive development; communication and general knowledge; and social competence. Additional development measures are also presented including vocabulary, number knowledge, empathy, literacy and school readiness.