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Section 5

Individual Health and Well-Being - The Early Years

Pregnancy and the early years (ages 0-5) are a time of extreme growth and development for children. Prenatally, young children can be exposed to influences that impact their birth outcomes – making education and care of pregnant mothers critical. Equally important are the environments in which children grow up. Children with access to healthy food, physical activity, quality education, health care and positive parenting tend to be healthier and better equipped for the challenges they face growing up.

The content for this section was produced for the Public Health Agency of Canada by the Canadian Institute for Child Health in collaboration with the Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.

Section 5.1

Demographic Information

5.1.1
Percentage of population that are < 5 years of age, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2016
5.1.2
Percentage of all children 0 to 4 years who are First Nations, Métis and Inuit, Canada and by province and territory, 2016
5.1.3
Number of children per woman (total fertility rate) by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2010-2011
5.1.4
Age at first birth among First Nations, Métis and Inuit women, 15 to 49 years, Canada, 2012
5.1.5
Living arrangements of children from birth to 5 years of age by Indigenous group, Canada, 2016
5.1.6
Proportion of Indigenous People who reported Indigenous language knowledge by Indigenous group, Canada, 1996 Census, 2006 Census, 2011 National Household Survey, 2016 Census
5.1.7
Distribution of population with knowledge of Indigenous languages, Canada, 2016
Section 5.2

Family Income, Education and Employment

5.2.1
Percentage of children and youth under 18 years of age living in low income, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2015
5.2.2
Proportion of First Nations children living off reserve under age 6 and Non-Indigenous children under age 6 in low-income families, by rural and urban, Canada, 2005
5.2.3
Proportion of First Nations children living off reserve under 6 years of age and Non-Indigenous children under 6 years of age living off reserve in low-income* families, by registered Indian status and CMA** vs non-CMA area, Canada, 2005
5.2.4
Percentage of Métis and Non-Indigenous children under 6 years living in low-income families, by rural and urban, Canada, 2005
5.2.5
Proportion of Urban Métis and Non-Indigenous children under 6 years living in low-income* families, by CMA** vs non-CMA, Canada, 2005
5.2.6
Proportion of Inuit children under 6 years of age outside of Inuit Nunangat and non-Indigenous children under 6 years of age living in CMAs who were living in low-income families, Canada, 2005
5.2.7
Percent of First Nations households with children, by household income, Canada, 2008/2010
5.2.8
First Nations parents of children under age 12, by highest level of education achieved, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.2.9
Percentage of mothers/female caregivers and fathers/male caregivers of First Nations children under age 11 by employment status, Canada, 2013/2015
Section 5.3

Healthy Eating and Food Security

5.3.1
Consumption of selected healthy food groups among First Nations children living off reserve, Métis children and Inuit children, age 2 to 5, Canada, 2006
5.3.2
Consumption of selected unhealthy food groups among First Nations children living off reserve, Métis children and Inuit children, household population aged 2 to 5, Canada, 2006
5.3.3
Consumption of traditional or country foods among First Nations living off reserve, Métis and Inuit children, age 2 to 5, Canada, 2006
5.3.4
Proportion of households reporting food insecurity in the last year, Indigenous (excluding reserves) and non-Indigenous, Canada, 2004
5.3.5
Proportion of Indigenous households (excluding reserves) reporting food insecurity in the last year, by presence of children, family type and income, Canada, 2004
5.3.6
Household food security status for First Nations children under age 18, Canada, 2008/2010
5.3.7
Distribution of Inuit children age 3 to 5 by food security status, Nunavut, Canada, 2007/2008
5.3.8
Percentage of Inuit children aged 3 to 5 years in severely and moderately food insecure households who experienced different aspects of food insecurity, Nunavut, Canada, 2007/2008
5.3.9
Promoting Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity: The Inuit Super Hero Storybook Series
Section 5.4

Housing

5.4.1
Percentage of children under 15 years of age living in housing in need of major repair, by Indigenous Identity, Canada, 2016
5.4.2
Percentage of children under 15 living in unsuitable housing, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2016
5.4.3
Percentage of First Nations children living in crowded homes, Canada, 2002/2003, 2008/2010 and 2013/2015
Section 5.5

Community Well-Being

5.5.1
Percentage of parents or guardians of children under age 6 who responded 'excellent or very good' when asked how they felt about members of their community being actively involved, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2006
5.5.2
Percentage of parents or guardians of children under age 6 who responded "excellent" or "very good" when asked how they feel about the statement "my community has good schools, nursery schools and early childhood education programs", by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2006
5.5.3
Feelings about community, by primary caregivers of Inuit children under age 6, not including reserves, Canada, 2006
5.5.4
Percentage of Inuit, First Nations living off reserve and Métis children under age 6 who participated in select traditional activities, Canada, 2006
5.5.5
Community members involved in helping First Nations children 3 to 5 years of age living on reserve understand their culture, as cited by primary caregivers, Canada, 2008/2010
5.5.6
Percentage of First Nations children living on reserve whose parents helped then understand culture, by parental education and income, Canada, 2008/2010
5.5.7
Percentage of caregivers of First Nations children under 11 years of age living on reserve who feel traditional cultural events are 'very important', Canada, 2002/2003, 2008/2010 and 2013/2015
5.5.8
Percentage of primary caregivers of First Nations children on reserve who felt that having their children learn a First Nations language was 'very important' or 'somewhat important', Canada, 2002/2003, 2008/2010 and 2013/2015
5.5.9
Innovation in Language – Tools for Learning Indigenous Languages
Section 5.6

Family Well-Being

5.6.1
Frequency of talk or playtime for Inuit children under age 6, for five minutes or more, by relationship to child, Canada, 2006
5.6.2
Frequency of talk or play time for Métis children under age 6, for five minutes or more, by relationship to child, Canada, 2006
5.6.3
Frequency of talk or play time for First Nations children under age 6 living off reserve, for five minutes or more, by relationship to child, Canada, 2006
5.6.4
Distribution of parents/guardians of First Nations children under age 6 living off reserve on their answer to the question "How would you rate your feelings about:", Canada, 2006
5.6.5
Distribution of parents/guardians of Inuit children under age 6 on their feelings about various aspects of home and daily life, Canada, 2006
5.6.6
Distribution of parents/guardians of Métis children under age 6 on their feelings about various aspects of home and daily life, Canada, 2006
5.6.7
Percentage of primary caregivers of First Nations children under 11 years of age living on reserve, by reported access to parental support, Canada, 2013/2015
5.6.8
Percentage of First Nations children under 11 years of age living on reserve who have family members that attended Indian Residential Schools, Canada, 2013/2015
Section 5.7

Maternal Behaviours

5.7.1
Percentage of First Nations mothers living on reserve who reported smoking during pregnancy, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.7.2
Proportion of First Nations mothers living on reserve who smoked during pregnancy, by maternal age at birth, Canada, 2008/2010
5.7.3
Proportion of First Nations mothers living on reserve who smoked during pregnancy, by maternal education, Canada, 2008/2010
5.7.4
Proportion of First Nations mothers living on reserve who smoked during pregnancy, by annual household income, Canada, 2008/2010
5.7.5
Proportion of women initiating breastfeeding, by age and Indigenous identity, Canada, 2007-2010
5.7.6
Proportion of women exclusively breastfeeding for at least 6 months, by age and Indigenous identity, Canada, 2007-2010
5.7.7
Breastfeeding duration of First Nations mothers living on reserve by maternal age, Canada, 2008-2010
Section 5.8

Physical Health

5.8.1
Self-rated health status (good, very good or excellent) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous children under 6 years of age, Canada, 2006
5.8.2
Rates of low and high birth weight by Indigenous identity compared to the Canadian population, Canada, 2006
5.8.3
Child`s birth weight, by maternal smoking during pregnancy and others smoking in the household, First Nations living on reserve, Canada, 2008/2010
5.8.4
Rates of chronic conditions, children under 6, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2006
5.8.5
Chronic health conditions of First Nations children (0 to 11) living on reserve, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/10
5.8.6
Percentage of First Nations children age 0 to 11 years living on reserve with diabetes who sought treatment for the condition, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.8.7
Proportion of First Nations children (age 2 to 11) living on reserve who are normal weight/underweight, overweight and obese, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.8.8
Healthy bodyweight in Inuit children 3 to 5 years of age, by gender, Canada, 2007/2008
5.8.9
First Nations children 0 to 11 years of age living on reserve with asthma, by gender, Canada, 2008/2010
5.8.10
Percentage of First Nations children living on reserve age 0 to 11 who received treatment for asthma, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.8.11
Health centre/hospital visits in the last 12 months for respiratory illness among Inuit children aged 3 to 5 years, Nunavut, Canada, 2007/2008
5.8.12
Prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among First Nations children living on reserve, by age, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.8.13
Risk ratio of early childhood caries (ECC) among First Nations children 0 to 11 years of age living on reserve, by beverage, Canada, 2008/2010
5.8.14
Health determinants associated with early childhood caries (ECC) among First Nations children living on reserve, Canada, 2008/2010
5.8.15
Proportion of First Nations children 0 to 11 years living on reserve, by dental treatment needs according to primary caregivers' perceptions, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
5.8.16
Percentage of primary caregivers of First Nations children 0 to 11 years of age living on reserve who indicated their child was injured in the past 12 months, by type of injury, Canada, 2008/2010
5.8.17
Proportion of Indigenous children age 0 to 5 living off reserve diagnosed with FASD, Canada and by select provinces, 2006
5.8.18
Estimates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) in Canada, various years
Section 5.9

Education and Child Care

5.9.1
Percentage of Indigenous children age 2 to 5 who hear stories, read books and count at least once a day, Canada, 2006
5.9.2
Percentage of parents or guardians of Indigenous children under age 6 who responded 'excellent' or 'very good' when asked how they feel about the statement "my community has good schools, nursery schools and early childhood education programs", Canada, 2006
5.9.3
Percentage of First Nations children under age 6 living on reserve who attend an early childhood education program designed for First Nations children, by ability to communicate, Canada, 2013/2015
5.9.4
Percentage of children under 6 years of age in some kind of child care arrangement, by Indigenous identity, Canada, 2006
5.9.5
Percentage of Indigenous children under 6 years of age in child care, by type of care, Canada, 2006
5.9.6
Child care arrangements, Indigenous children under 6 years of age, not including reserves, Canada, 2006
5.9.7
Percentage of First Nations children living on reserve receiving child care, Canada, 2002/2003 and 2008/2010
Section 5.10

Child Welfare

5.10.1
Indigenous children in out-of-home care, by select provinces, Canada, 2011
5.10.2
Number of First Nations children living on reserve in care of the child welfare system and average maintenance costs per child, Canada, 1998 to 2016
5.10.3
Percentage of First Nations children in care on reserve, by placement type, Canada, 2006 to 2016
5.10.4
Jordan's Principle
Section 5.11

Environmental Risks and Conditions

5.11.1
Convention on the Rights of the Child
5.11.2
Precautionary Principle
5.11.3
Exposure to Environmental Toxins
5.11.4
Impact of climate change on young children
5.11.5
Impacts of climate change in Northern Canada
5.11.6
Environmental Contaminants and Neurobehavioural Effects
Section 5.12

Consolidated Results

5.12.1
Section Summary: Individual Health and Well-Being - The Early Years

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